Safety, risks and your questions

A new therapy comes with real benefits and real unknowns. Here is what is known today.

Benefits and risks

Known benefits

  • Most trial participants with sickle cell disease had no severe pain crises for at least 12 months
  • Most trial participants with beta thalassemia no longer needed regular transfusions for at least 12 months
  • Uses your own cells, so no donor match is needed

Known risks and side effects

  • Chemotherapy effects: low blood counts, infections, mouth sores, nausea
  • Possible loss of fertility
  • Long-term effects are still being studied because the therapy is new
  • Not every patient responds equally

Frequently asked questions

Is it a cure?

It is designed as a one-time treatment, and many trial participants had no severe symptoms for at least a year. Because the therapy is new, doctors are careful with the word "cure". Ask your specialist what outcome to expect in your case.

How long do the results last?

The edited stem cells settle in the bone marrow and are expected to keep producing red blood cells. Follow-up so far is only a few years, which is why monitoring continues long term.

What are the side effects?

Most short-term side effects come from the chemotherapy given beforehand, such as low blood counts, infections, mouth sores and nausea. Your team will explain the risks in detail before you decide.

Is it covered by insurance?

It depends on your country, insurer and hospital. Ask for a written cost estimate and start the coverage process early. We can help you prepare questions but cannot guarantee coverage.

Can I join a clinical trial?

Some conditions are being studied. Ask your specialist, and search official registries such as ClinicalTrials.gov or the EU Clinical Trials Register.

Are the changes passed on to my children?

The edit is made in blood stem cells, not in eggs or sperm, so it is not expected to be inherited. Your original gene variants remain in your other cells, so your children may still inherit them. Genetic counselling can help you plan.

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Sources and image credits

  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): approvals of gene therapies for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia
  • Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA): Casgevy authorisation documents
  • NHS England Genomics Education Programme: "Casgevy - how it works"
  • ClinicalTrials.gov: registry of clinical trials
  • Images: illustrations created for this project (SVG)